Starting Grant (StG), SH6, ERC-2012-StGProject acronym: ISPOVERTYDESTINY?Project: Is Poverty Destiny? A New Empirical Foundation for Long-Term African Welfare AnalysisResearcher (PI): Ewout Hielke Pieter FrankemaHost Institution (HI): Wageningen University, NetherlandsStart date: 2012-12-01, End date: 2017-11-30Summary: "This project aims to create a new empirical foundation for the study of long-term African welfare development, in order to provide new impetus to the debate on the root causes of African poverty. What is missing is a systematic account of long-term welfare development that connects the colonial era (c. 1880–1960) to the post-colonial era (c. 1960–present) on the basis of temporally consistent and internationally comparable living standard indicators. The lack of such an empirical foundation has left important research questions unresolved. Firstly, did African income levels fall behind those of the rest of the world during the deep economic and political crises of the late 20th century or long before that? Secondly, to what extent did ordinary Africans benefit from the expansion of colonial trade and foreign investment between 1880 and 1960? Thirdly, to what extent has African welfare growth been constrained by structural development impediments, such as adverse geographical conditions? This project will take three key steps in order to push current research on these questions beyond the state-of-the-art. Firstly, the project will measure the annual development of real wages of various categories of indigenous labourers in selected cities and rural areas in the former British and French African colonies from the 1880s onwards, using the vastly important, but largely unexploited, wage and price statistics from colonial archival sources; then connect these to existing post-colonial wage and price series. Secondly, the project will compare long-term trajectories of African welfare development to those of other world regions, using the available datasets on historical living standards for Europe, Asia and Latin America. Thirdly, the project will explain the observed intra-African variation in these trajectories by integrating the ultimate sources of long-term economic growth (geography, institutions and trade) into a single analytical framework."